A View Inside The Westboro Baptist Church Essay

Unlike most modern religious groups, the Westboro Baptist Church is unique in the fact that the organization doesn’t meet in a modern church setting. Instead, the Westboro Baptist Church meets on Sundays to picket and protest the funerals of people whom they feel have created blasphemous acts against God. This recently included the funeral of Apple’s co-founder Steve Jobs. In an October 7th cbsnews. com article journalist Edecio Martinez quoted Margie Phelps as posting on twitter, â€Å"He had huge platform†¦gave God no glory and taught sin. This in return yielded a great a greatly deal of responses by media, family, and some other government officials as well. This is the story behind the Westboro Baptist Church and its opposing counterparts. It is first important to understand the dynamics of the Westboro Baptist Church. Known for its fight against the alternative lifestyles of the homosexual community, the members of the Westboro Baptist Church have often times been referred to as the serial protesters and also have been characterized as a hate group. This church is an independent church founded by Fred Phelps in 1955. The group contains 71 members most of which are of Phelps family. Their congregations include picketing and the desecration of the American flag. Theologically speaking they refer to themselves as Calvinist. The church’s view is that most religious groups are Satan worshipers, frauds, and teach lies. They believe that â€Å"God Hates fags† and that it should be a crime. The two most notable groups that Westboro Baptist Church has chosen to picket are homosexuals and celebrities. This organization is without a question unique in its own rights. Since the Westboro Baptist Church popped up on the scene in Nov. 27, 1955, the public has had something to say about them. In efforts to expires the disapproval of the Westboro Baptist Church other groups have met in areas where the church was picketing and turned away from churches protesters. Perhaps one of the most famous counter protests happened after the September 11 attacks. One young man Jared Dailey , stood across from the group and held a sign that displayed, â€Å"NOT today Fred. † Two days later the number shifted from 1 to 86 people standing across from the group. In future protest against the group the slogan that began Dailey used has been popular in use. As a means to counter the Westboro Baptist church organizations such as, The Boston Center for the Arts and an ad-hoc group in Richmond countered the protest by doing pledges and then donating the money to LGBT (Lesbian, Bisexual, and Trans-gender) organizational projects. Others have arranged protest and hackers have been known to hack the Westboro batiste Church websites and disable them from the internet. There have been violent actions also against the group. There have been recorded incidents of angry mob attempting to attack the group, a fire near their meeting lace estimated at $10,000 in damage, and also Army Veteran Ryan Newell was arrested with ammo and an attempt on an attack of the group. For the most part the general public objects to the Westboro Baptist Church and their beliefs. Arguments on both sides of the debacle have both taking time out to use the First Amendment in their defense. The Westboro Baptist Church found themselves in hot water when the father of the Marine Lance Corporal Matthew A. Snyder sued them for defamation of character, invasion of privacy, and intentional infliction of emotional distress on June 5,2006. Although the court threw out the defamation and privacy suits due to the First Amendment the trial still went on for other charges. The family argued that even though the first amendment gives an American citizen the right to free speech it still is limited. On the judges mark the first amendment was recited and let it be known that if vulgar, offensive, or shocking statements were made, then that would be grounds of a guilty plea. The Plea was guilty on behalf of Fred and the other members of the Phelps family. The Westboro Baptist Church also took action as well, on July 21,2006; the ACLU (The American Civil Liberties Union) of eastern Missouri filed a suit for Shirley L. Phelps-Roper. This suit stated that the Missouri law saying that no one was allowed to picket in front of a church or a funeral an hour before or an hour after was preventing her from utilizing her right to religious liberty and free speech. Although the argument was relevant the courts still shot down the suit stating that â€Å"in individual states and cities the law is interpreted as they see fit because the amendment is vague as to the terms and conditions. The Phelps family continued on still to federal court in hopes of a win. On both sides of the argument each have had valid point that the first amendment protects both sides. As the situation continued, it called for the Supreme Court to step in. The Supreme Court stated that even though they do not agree with the Westboro’s acts they still have to aside with them due to the First Amendment of freedom of speech. The Supreme Court quoted â€Å"that freedom of speech is so central to the nation that it protects cruel and unpopular protests – even, in this case, at the moment of a family’s most profound grief. The Westboro Baptist Church is an organization of people with their own beliefs and opinions. Their religion no matter how extreme it may be is still what they believe to be a religion. Time has shown the world many interpretations of God worshipers, and many interpretations of religion, and the Bible. This is not the first group to have these views and probably won’t be the last. The world is a big place with many different people and it is important to look past the ignorance and see the importance of accepting everyone for who they are like it or not.

Home Theater Systems

The development of in-home theater surround sound speakers has evolved drastically in the past decade, turning people's generic living areas into replicas of movie theaters. Home theater systems were initially four-channel audio systems created originally by Dolby Digital Surround systems.With the increase in technological advancements throughout the past decade, Dolby Digital has released ts highest speaker system of seven-channels. At first, during the early 50's and 60's the movie industry found that the more channels of sound that was added, the higher enjoyment and response was given back by the audience. Therefore, as a result speakers were added behind the audience for the surrounding sounds and the left and right speakers were then used for the music. The invention of the home theater system generally relates to the reproduction of stereophonic sound.More particularly to the reproduction of the stereophonic sound associated with a video image of some sort. Images and sounds a re reproduced so hat dialog is localized to the video image and ambience or surrounding sound effects are reproduced in a manner that immerses the listener or consumer in realistic or three-dimensional sound field. In previous attempts to reproduce these sounds, numerous monophonic and stereophonic sound systems have been developed in an attempt to achieve reliable sound reproduction. 1] Monophonic audio refers to the reproduction of sound through only one channel. When using monophonic audio you cannot tell which direction the sound was produced.

Marginal Benefits And Marginal Costs Essay

The first rule can be summarized with the undermentioned phrase â€Å"There’s ne'er a free lunch† every clip that you need something you have to give something in return. One illustration is an employee that needs a peculiar twenty-four hours off. He could merely lose work and non acquire paid or inquire for a alteration of agenda and non miss work. This allows flexibleness or via media between parties. Previous to doing any determinations on the trade off you should ever see the cost. At times the cost of some actions may non be evident at a glimpse. The cost of any given undertaking may reflect on the result of your determination. Never assume that everybody is rational. Rational people seldom decide in black and white but for the most portion their determinations are in the grey country. As you go deeper into economic sciences. you will meet houses that decide how many workers to engage and how much of their merchandise to fabricate and sell to maximise net incomes. Incentives. who doesn’t like a positive inducements? Keep in head that if there is positive inducement there can besides be negative 1s. Rational people will ever maintain in head the cost and benefits of a undertaking and they will react to the inducements provided for the completions of given undertaking. An illustration of fringy benefits and the fringy costs of consider an air hose make up one's minding how much to bear down riders who fly standby. Suppose that winging a 200 – rider plane across the United States costs the air hose $ 100. 000. In this instance. the mean cost of each place is $ 100. 000/200. which is $ 500. One might be tempted to reason that the air hose should ne'er sell a ticket for less than $ 500. In fact. nevertheless. the air hose can raise its net incomes by believing at the border. Imagine that a plane is about to take off with 10 empty seats. and a standby rider waiting at the gate will pay $ 300 for a place. The air hose in this illustration will inquire itself should I sell the staying seats at the cost of $ 300 per rider is cost effectual. The reply is yes it will be profitable to sell the staying place at this monetary value. While the rider pays more than the fringy cost of the place. An inducement that could take to another determination would be a rival air hose supplying the same trip for less or the same monetary value. Persons are prone to incentives if you provide them with pecuniary. intervention or any other benefits that will honor them for their attempts. The cardinal lessons about the economic system as a whole are that productiveness is the ultimate beginning of life criterions. that money growing is the ultimate beginning of rising prices. and that society faces a short-term tradeoff between rising prices and unemployment. In a market economic system. the determinations of a authorities are replaced by the determinations of companies and persons. Companies decide how many people to engage and what merchandise to fabricate. Persons decide which industries to work for and what points to purchase with their wages. A centrally planned economic system is when a authorities decides what points to bring forth and how much. Determine the allotment of scarce resources and who will bring forth and devour these goods and services. When the market economic system and the centrally planned economic system are combined and influenced by the control of the private and authorities sector. In decision economic sciences play an intrical portion of our day-to-day lives. It allows a state to turn or a company to drop. Decicion devising is an of import facet of the economic system and all decicions sing this topic has to be treated as a delicate subject. MentionsGregory. N. ( 2009 ) . Principles of Economics ( 5th ed. ) . Mason. Oh: South-Western Cengage Learning. Hubbard. R. & A ; O’Brien. A. ( 2010 ) . Economicss ( 3rd ed. ) . Boston. MA: Pearson Hall.

Fugitive Pieces by Anne Michaels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fugitive Pieces by Anne Michaels - Essay Example Grief contributes nothing but pain and unending sorrow. It is only allowing yourself be imprisoned in the past for which affects the people that you deal with at present, dragging them into feeling the same miseries that you have had in your past. We all share one world therefore it is of no wonder that we find people who share the same grievances with us. They may have different memories of the painful past, yet we find security upon knowing that somebody shares the same heartache that we have been into, lest that somebody had found peace against all the odds. No one can escape grief in a blink of an eye. The book supports the idea that healing a wounded heart requires enough time that its scar leaves a trace of that painful past "How many years pass before the difference between murder and death erodes Grief requires time. If a chip of stone radiates its self, its breath, so long, how stubborn might be the soul. If sound waves carry on to infinity, where are their screams now" It also took Jakob a sufficient time to be able for him to accept the realities that had happened to him and his family. He had grieved over his sister's loss that he finds himself even more miserable that he sees Bella in his wife's personality - which he eventually thought that life with her is impossible. This situation concerns the lines "the responsibility of forgiveness on behalf of the dead. No act of violence is ever resolved The bond of memory and history when they share space and time. Every moment is two moments." It is with his wife that every moment is two moments for it is with spending time with his wife that Jakob feels spending it with his sister as well. Therefore he had come into a realization that " to remain with the dead is to abandon them" Jakob thus chooses to live at present, see the beauty and the pleasures that the present bring by leaving his past behind, which means leaving Alex to give honor to his sister's memories and to look at forward to brand new memories he could keep in the future. Living harmoniously at present does not mean burying the memories of the past. It is accepting it and living with it, turning the other side of the stone into a meaningful and memorable past gaining more wisdom and strength out of that painful past. Pain is a common emotion that one feels whenever he has lost someone, or have gone through a dreadful past. However, with grief, one finds the beauty of life itself. "Then Jakob said: 'Perhaps the electron is neither particle nor wave but something else instead, much less simple - a dissonance - like grief, whose pain is love. We think of weather as transient, changeable, and above all, ephemeral; but everywhere nature remembers. Trees, for example, carry the memory of rainfall. In their rings we read ancient weather-storms, sunlight, and temperatures, the growing seasons of centuries'" These lines are just examples that grief could bring to a person. It allows us to see every privilege that we have been granted. In pain, our eyes are ope ned up to a world with so much to look forward to. "History is amoral: events occurred. But memory is moral; what we consciously remember is what our conscience remembers..." Memory is involved with not alone of the pictures of the past but it is at the same time feeling the same feeling

The Batek of Malaysia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Batek of Malaysia - Research Paper Example They are one of the groups of Malayan aborigines (Orang Asli) and from historic times they have always been gathering food by hunting and gathering natural resources (Bisht and Bankoti, 2004, p.100). This paper will focus on forage as primary mode of subsistence of the Batek population and its impact on some aspects of their culture. The Batek have maintained their primitive lifestyles but with time they might be facing challenging with respect to upholding their beliefs and traditions. There is a population of 133,000 Orang Asli in Malaysia and they are divided into 3 groups which again has 18 ethnic sub-groups. Each group has an identity of their and differ in language, culture and also architecture. In the age of urbanization they have adopted modern lifestyles and have come to live in urban areas. However, the Batek still maintain their traditional nomadic lifestyle (Beswick, 2010). The Batek people claim to have a strong and positive relationship with the forest. They hunt for food in the forests and also take refuge in the forests. In spite of their dependence on forests, their everyday life can be in danger. As with other nomadic groups, the Batek too suffer from this fear. The major factor that contributes to their fear of life is falling of trees. The Batek have an inherently practical approach to this problem. They cut down a tree if they think it has the possibility of falling over their camp. If cutting down of a tree does not seem possible then they escape from the way of the tree. As the best and hassle free solution they build their camps in place where there are no old trees so that they are saved from the threat of potential falling trees. In general term, this fear of the Batek of falling trees is a fitting environmental behaviour and can be considered normal for people living among trees. The Batek people believe that the world will cease to exist if no people live in the forests and so according to their belief they are holding up the world by remaining attached to the forests. Administrative boundaries do not restrict the Batak and they move freely in and out of Taman Negar a Park. Based on their political and sexually democratic structure, there exist no boundaries among groups. The main characteristic of their daily camp life is fluctuation. The Batek people always look for new zones for resource and so their encampments are always fresh and in established sites (Tuck-Po, 2005, pp.250-251). A camp group has an average of 38 people and in general does not remain in one place for more than two weeks. They move from one rive valley to another in three to four months. Their movement is not random through the forest. They follow a definite walking trail and other pathways including rivers and streams (Tuck-Po, 2005, pp.250-251). The Batek do not have ownership of lands and they only look after lands. This makes them easier to move every five months so that the forest can replenish (Beswick, 2010). In Batek society leadership is not ascribed. It is based on situation and activity. Although individuals make decisions, still group decisions act as the best c ompromise between peaceful agreements and chaotic conflicts. Dominating behaviour is not favorably accepted and even the children have the right to object and refuse obedience. The nuclear family is the primary unit for production and consumption. An important social performance is the practice of sharing of food between households. The largest share of food that they gather goes to the family members of the hunter and their closest kin and the remaining portion of the food is distributed among the other members of the

Penal Station Objectives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Penal Station Objectives - Essay Example The first penal station was established at Newcastle in 1804 and the convicts were put to labor mining for coal and cutting cedar tree. However, with the settlements of the Hunter Valley with colonists, Newcastle was no longer as isolated as it was when it started. And so Port Macquarie was established, and Newcastle closed in 1824. However, Port Macquarie experienced frequent successful escapes, and following an inspection by Commissioner Bigge it was determined that other colony stations be created, and emphasized the need for these convicts to be separated and isolated from the remaining population. As a consequence the Governor of Brisbane developed a penal station at Moreton Bay in 1825. Norfolk Island was also reoccupied, having been abandoned in 1813. The worst criminals were sent to Norfolk Island, and those guilty of lesser offences were transported to Moreton Bay. Meanwhile in Van Dieman's Land a penal station was first established in 1822 at Macquarie Harbour, as it was more difficult to escape from. Unfortunately there were issues with access to the Harbour, and so convicts with minor offenses were sent to another penal station established at nearby Maria Island in 1825. Due to escalating cost though, Lieutenant-=Governor Arthur decided to develop another colony, an din 1830 Port Arthur was established on the Tasman's Peninsula, and in the closing of Macquarie Harbor and Maria Island1.There was a distinct awareness among the governors of the settlements at this time that there was a clear need to portray transportation as an "object of terror," to enable effective and efficient deterrence to future criminal activity in Britain 4,5,6. Subsequently, governors incorporated into their policies, statements that would substantiate the concept of transportation as an act "worse than death". Thus, one of the primary objectives of the penal stations , was to deter others from committing crimes.Another primary objective was for the convicts to be given constant employment, preferably in hard labor4. This was to enable a rigid form of discipline among the convicts, and to provide supervisors and governors with a way to systematically and in a standardized way to oversee the incarceration of the convicts. By way of isolation from the luxuries that were available to the settlements it was anticipated that the third objective could be met, which was reforming of character. As such, it was expected that a number of the transported convicts would become rehabilitate through isolation1, hard labor and the habit making of discipline, as well as perhaps learning new skills such as agriculture, and so return to society as a contributing member. 1 Reynolds, J (1982) The penal stations of New South Wales and Van Dieman's Land. p. 356 4. Shannon. (1968) J.T.Bigge "Report to the Commissioner of Inquiry' British Parliamentary Papers: Colonies,

Describe and evaluate psychological theories of human motivation Essay - 1

Describe and evaluate psychological theories of human motivation - Essay Example All the stages involved are also discussed as analysed in the theories. This paper gives a detailed discussion of the three theories of human motivation. It discusses the classical theories of motivation and how they are applicable to various businesses. The final section of this paper gives the limitations of using these theories in operation of businesses. A brief comparison between these theories is given by looking at their applications (Jones, et al., 1998, pp.370-398). It also gives insight on how human beings are motivated towards making certain decisions. The theories give an analysis of how several factors influence and motivate individuals to making various decisions. They explain how both favourable and hostile factors drive individuals into reasoning and acting in a given circumstance to satisfy their needs (Thil, et al., 2003, pp.435-465). Motivation is considered as a process by which a person initiates and through personal guidance gets to maintain goal driven behaviours. It is normally the desire for any person to do a given thing and usually with personal reasons. This enables one to focus towards achieving certain goals. Human motivation is normally driven by the urge of satisfying the most pressing needs or wants depending to the various stages of life one is at. One also may be motivated by his surroundings, work being conducted and responsibilities invested in him. Motivation could be intrinsic or extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation is a result of special interests of a person and things he enjoys doing. In this condition the actions that results from this motivation are not as a result of external pressure. This situation happens when an individual has total control in that he is sure and has appropriate skills to accomplish his goals. Extrinsic motivation is a result of external factors which directs ones activi ties towards a particular reward. They are not within

Opening a new sport shop Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Opening a new sport shop - Essay Example Scott McPherson is starting out as a small-scale businessman, testing his market and value chain before going full blast into an entire chain of stores. McPherson must therefore start out with a single store and expand gradually after that after gaining a stronger foothold on the business. The choice of a business should be one that has a quick cash cycle that would turn over sales at a relatively fast pace, but which has the potential of growing to a chain of store catering to retail sale of consumer goods. For this purpose, a sports retail business would be a good enterprise for McPherson, whose twenty years as secondary school teacher would have kept him abreast of the various sports events at least in the school level. The appeal and demand for sports and outdoors gear and equipment has a stable market because of the strong interest in sports and fitness. An image attaches to being associated with a healthy lifestyle, even if it be conveyed by one’s clothes or footwear. Fi nally, sports activity is usually complemented by a desire for healthy and nutritious A comprehensive analysis of the sports retail sector follows: SWOT ANALYSIS The SWOT analysis is a helpful tool for formulating the strategic plan of a business. It identifies the strengths and weaknesses of the firm and juxtaposes this against the opportunities and threats in the environment, maximizing strengths for opportunities and minimizing weaknesses to avoid the threats. The SWOT analysis for McPherson’s store chain follows: STRENGTHS A source of strength is the familiarity of McPherson with secondary schools’ sports programs, and his contacts with sports teachers and program directors in the different schools. It should be recalled that McPherson’s twenty year history as a secondary school teacher would have created friendships that would be useful for his business, from a relational point of view. Another strength of McPherson’s business would be its financial stability, having skipped the period of economic crisis which had ruined or weakened the finances of many small (and large-scale) businesses. OPPORTUNITIES A good number of schools and universities located in the South England area provide a lucrative market, which could still expand and absorb additional supply despite the existence of other stores. Retail customers are in constant search of new shops which may provide better product offerings, or better terms of sale. A further opportunity presenting itself is the growing interest in new media sports, where indoor digital sports consoles games enable persons interested in keeping fit but without the

Compare and contrast the development of Ecuadors indigenous political Essay

Compare and contrast the development of Ecuadors indigenous political movement with the development of nationalism throughtout south america in the 20th century - Essay Example It was in the fag end of 19th century that South America went through a process of modernization and nationalism emerged as a new shade in its socio-political horizon1. This is what Snyder2 has called as the â€Å"transformation of nationalism from its oligarchic to a new populist form.† The Latin American countries rapidly modernized their infrastructure, transportation facilities grew, industries mushroomed, and there was a change over from â€Å"feudal agrarianism to urban industrialism.† 3 But this was not the case in Ecuador. A transformation similar to what happened in Chile, Argentina or Mexico came into Ecuador only in 1970s. Even when the change came, it was not based on bourgeois nationalism as it was the case in almost all other South American countries. Ecuador had largely remained a feudal agrarian nation until the third half of 20th century. King 4 has observed that the indigenous political movement in Ecuador has been a consequence of the revelation in 19 70s that that this land had rich petroleum resources. Once, the outside pressure mounted to exploit those resources, the economic and cultural well being of the native people came under threat 5 It was out of this struggle for survival that one of the world’s strongest political movements emerged. 6 The development of a politically active and aware middle class was another phenomenon that Latin American countries witnessed in 20th century.7 In the first half of the 20th century, the whole of Latin America had seen a fresh revival of active political movements. 8 But at that time, Ecuador was not moved by that social dynamics9. The movement that shook Latin America had roots in ethnicity and was called the indigenista movement 10. All the same it had derived its essence from the European enlightenment as well11 And this movement was anchored on nationalism and bourgeois

Strategic Analysis of Sainsbury Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Strategic Analysis of Sainsbury - Essay Example In spite of the prevailing issues, the UK market has been able to acquire a stable and reasonable growth rate (Li, 2008, p.1). There are about 92,796 grocery stores in UK which is further divided into four sections, Convenience store; super markets, hypermarkets and superstores; Traditional retails and online channels (IGD, 2011). The biggest retail grocery chain in UK comprises of Tesco, Sainsbury, Morrison and ASDA, accounts for 67.9% of the total grocery market of UK (Li, 2008, p.2). Strategic Analysis Strategy is defined as the scope and direction of an organisation for long term, which is set to achieve advantage for the organisation by way of configuring its resources within a changing environment and to fulfil the demands of the stakeholders (Paul, et.al, 2010, p.36). SWOT Analysis Strength: Sainsbury ranks third in the supermarket chain of UK with about 14.30% of market share. This company has a strong market position in UK and was a pioneered in self service relating and in the development of private label goods. Sainsbury initiatives have kept the company at the number 3 position. Sainsbury strength lies on its strap line which states to try something new each day (Li, 2008, p. 4). The Business Model of Sainsbury, which comprises of five headings, great food offered at fair price, accelerating the growth of non food items, reaching customers by way of traditional means of channels, expanding supermarket space and property management is one of the important strengths of Sainsbury. Major strength of Sainsbury, is that the brand believes in providing the customers with sage, healthy, tasty and fresh food. The company emphasise more on fresh food and continues to innovate products according to the requirements of its customers. The company currently transact 21 million customers per week and have captured a market share of 16% which further adds to the strength of the company. The company offers about 30,000 products and also offers a wide range of non fo od products and services. The internet based home delivery service also adds to the advantage of the company (J Sainsbury Plc, 2011, p.3). Weakness: A major weakness of Sainsbury is that the company deals only in two types of store formats, the traditional supermarket and the convenience stores. As compared to other grocery retail outlet, Sainsbury has the least number of types of stores. Tesco has six different store formats which have greatly contributed to the success of Tesco. Another weakness for Sainsbury would be recession. It has been reported that the company has shown signs of poor sales figure with the warnings of recession. Sainsbury has recorded the slowest sales growth ever since 2005 and its share price dip to 327.7p which was analysed that the company was lagging behind its competitors. The company has the weakest operating margin in the food retail sector as compared to its competitors such as Tesco (Finch, 2010).Thus the company must overcome the weakness by using its strength. Opportunities: A huge opportunity lies with Sainsbury to grow as the UK retail market is growing at a steady rate, it provides ample opportunity for the company to utilise its resources and capabilities and grow and achieve a decent market share. With its five main areas of growth, this includes great food at great price, increasing the number of complimentary food, reaching customers by home deliver, and by active property manageme

Strategics management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Strategics management - Research Paper Example Evaluation of a strategy is also an inherent part of strategic management because without knowing whether the current strategy is working or not, no firm can set and achieve goals. In this essay we will discuss how strategic management skills can be applied by managers. It is important for managers to define the purpose of the organization. Vision of a firm informs the employees and the customers about the purpose and value of the firm (Mind Tools, 2011). It is an essential part of application of strategic management skills to design vision of a firm so as to guide employees regarding their behavior. Customers can also learn through vision of a firm about how can they be benefitted by the firm. Usually vision of a firm is defined in a sentence or a statement commonly known as the vision statement. It entails the long term purpose of the firm and how employees are supposed to operate in the company. Strategic management is all about taking strategic decisions and strategic decisions have certain characteristics. Strategic decisions are of high magnitude, they have a long term focus, and they require high level of commitment (Haberberg & Rieple, 2007). Vision statement is also a strategic decision because it has all above three characteristics. Objectives of the firm are more specific short term targets. Strategic management skills are applied to define short term targets for the firm and short term targets are important for a firm because they serve as steps that can lead the firm to the long term targets. Firms also require regular assessment of their position and for that short term targets serve useful. Vision of a firm is a broadly defined purpose of the organization, on the other hand objectives are short term targets that can be measured empirically and are specific. Managers should always check whether the firm is treading on the right path or not, and vision and objectives help managers in

English coursework essay and commentary Essay Example for Free

English coursework essay and commentary Essay Many teenage girls might shock you with their answers. Describing themselves as ‘ugly’ and ‘fat’. Over the years body-image issues are plaguing girls across the country. As a result of this majority have taken up unhealthy weight-controlling behaviour. This is done by skipping meals, taking laxatives and excessive smoking. Did you know that 9 in 10 females are conscious and currently unhappy about their body image? More than half of these are young girls. There are over 1. 3 million eating disorders in the UK alone. Happy, healthy and heroic is the feeling once you overcome anorexia. It’s about time we waved goodbye to the itty bitty twiggy runway models and say hello to the healthy curves of the new faces in Britain’s model industry. Majority of the runway models meet the body mass index criteria for anorexia. However over the past few years the trend of stick-thin models has started to become unappetising. â€Å"When I was younger I had a poor self-image, very low self-esteem, and yearned for a better body. I destroyed EVERY single mirror in the house as I couldn’t bear the sight of my body. I used to sit and count my ribs. I didn’t choose to be that way, it just happened. A few years later by the age of 19, I was 16 stone. From suffering Anorexia to becoming one of the biggest teens in Britain, it was a shock. Then I decided to set myself a target, lose weight and appreciate what I have. I’m glad I’ve moved on and I wouldn’t want anyone else to go through what I did. Now at the age of 22, I weigh 11 stone now, which is the perfect weight for me. I am overwhelmed with my body and have learnt to appreciate what I have been blessed with. I hope to soon conquer the rest of Britain and help more teenage girls on the road to freedom. I don’t like to think of myself as being ‘small’ size, I’m average and I couldn’t be happier. †Katya Zharkova, plus size model. However Kate Moss has been criticised by campaigners after revealing she lives by a slogan which encourages people with anorexia not to eat. Nothing tastes as good as skinny feels. † – Kate Moss. Eating disorder charity Beat described the comments as dangerous and very unhelpful for sufferers. Kate shouldn’t have said so, however a spokeswoman for Mosss model agency claimed: This was part of a longer answer Kate gave during a wider ranging interview which has unfortunately been taken out of context and completely misrepresented. † Women come in all shapes and sizes, and all of us have got the right to present ourselves beautifully in gorgeous clothes. Whether you’re overweight or tall, skinny or small, we are all beautiful. Everyone is different, everyone is beautiful and everyone is normal. Remember that. Commentary I chose to produce an interpretation of women of different shapes and sizes. I have done this in a magazine/article form. The audience of this piece was aimed at young girls, teenagers and women. It is more common for them to have a stronger opinion on the matter. Throughout the article I have written in both active and passive voice, it varies the focus of each sentence and questions the reader. I have written in second and third person by using ‘you’ and ‘she’ which are both singular. This technique it allows the reader to understand different perspectives and direct the reader. The pronoun ‘you’ links in with trying to involve the reader, by using the rhetorical question ‘What do you see’ it almost gets the reader interested in reading the article right from the beginning, it asks for their opinion. The rule of three is used a number of times in this piece, ‘itty, bitty, twiggy’ is mainly used for emphasis on the fact that stick-thin models are a shadow of the past. There nouns used in this piece are both concrete and abstract. Concrete nouns can be experienced through the five senses, but abstract nouns cannot be accessed by the senses and tend to be intangible ideas that form a part of our life (love, hatred). By using attributive adjectives such as ‘gorgeous’ it gives the reader some additional information about the clothes before reading on. Superlative adjectives are used to compare nouns, ‘biggest’ tells the readers that Katya wasn’t big or bigger but she was the biggest. I decided to use contrasting celebrities point of view to indulge the reader in celebrities opinions. The verb ‘used’ indicates the tense of what Katya used to do; in this case she used to â€Å"sit and count my ribs†. This quote puts the reader in Katya’s point of view. The reader would imagine what it would be like to sit and count their ribs, but you can only sit and count your ribs if you are anorexic. The average healthy person has enough fat on their body to form a stomach. Katya was anorexic which meant she could feel her insides. I chose not to directly tell the reader that Katya was anorexic until the next few sentences, to make the reader wonder what was wrong. ‘More’ is an indefinite determiner used to put out to the reader a sense of discomfort most teenagers feel when it comes to body image and almost officialises the context. By using subordinate simple and compound clauses that are connected by conjunctions and followed on by a subject and verb. In this case ‘So’ makes the reader think about the fact that there are so many different eating disorder cases around the world. Overall, I think this piece is interesting because it is an article that questions the reader’s thoughts about what is right and wrong about being under and over weight. In my opinion it manages to interpret different views on the matter of being different shapes and sizes and at the end uses the quote â€Å"Everyone is different, everyone is beautiful and everyone is normal. Remember that. † This quote uses repetition which is an excellent feature for slogans, the use of repetition means the slogan will be catchy to the reader and will stay in the readers mind and that is what I wanted to achieve when I wrote the article.

Valentine By Carol Anne Duffy English Literature Essay

Valentine By Carol Anne Duffy English Literature Essay Romeo and Juliet is a well-known tragedy by the playwright William Shakespeare that was written in the late 16th century. It is a story of how the children of two rival families meet and instantaneously fall in love. Carol Anne Duffys modern day poem Valentine much like Romeo and Juliet is very firmly themed around the strong feeling of love but is a more controversial love poem in which Carol Anne Duffy compares love to strange objects such as an onion. In my essay I will compare ways in which this theme is presented to the reader and discuss both writers ideas and attitudes to love. Romeo and Juliet is possibly the most famous classic love story there is. But there are many types of love that the play refers to. True love is the most obvious and this love is communicated between the two main characters in the play; Romeo and Juliet. The first sign of true love is through love at first sight where Romeo says of how Juliet doth teach the torches to burn bright! Imagery is used here by Shakespeare to evoke a mental image of natural light shining from Juliet. This light imagery emphasises Juliets beauty and how to Romeo, she is the only one he sees in the room. To a reader, this immediately puts both Romeo and Juliet in isolation signifying such intense, physical feelings and attraction on Romeos behalf. In modern society, some may view this as sexual love or lust but love at first sight was accepted by Elizabethan society. Juliet also uses light imagery to express how she sees her relationship with Romeo in the famous balcony scene (Act 2 Scene 2). She describes it as being too like the lightning suggesting that it is moving too quickly. However, Juliet may have used this to describe Romeo as her light in a dark sky and a ray in a dark world. This representation used by Shakespeare could imply what his ideas were of the Elizabethan world that he lived in. In Act 1 Scene 5, we also see Shakespeares use of religious imagery to experience a deeper connection as Juliet is shown to also be overwhelmed by Romeo as she accepts his offer of a kiss by [letting] lips do what hands do; pray. By this, Shakespeare is writing as Romeo to ask for their lips to meet, like hands may do in a prayer and for Romeo to fulfil the physical feelings felt by him earlier in the Act upon first seeing Juliet. The use of these religious overtones here indicates that the love shared by Romeo and Juliet can only be described by such spiritual and religious terms. Though it seems that it is only Romeo who uses religious overtones by calling Juliet his dear saint and describing how he is willing to worship her, we also see this imagery used by Juliet in Act 2 where she describes Romeo as being the god of her idolatry almost opposing religion by defining Romeo as her God to worship. Both Romeo and Juliet express true love through one of its strongest ways; death. For both characters, it is either to live with the other or if that is not possible (which it isnt because of the feud) then to simply die. This idea of fate and tragedy is presented to the audience in the plays prologue where these two characters are described as a pair of star-crossed lovers [who] take their life. This quote at the beginning of the play will have given the impression of no hope and unchangeable tragedy to an Elizabethan theatre audience as they delve deeper into the story. This technique of using death to symbolize love is shown by Shakespeare when Romeos addiction of true love draws him to go into the Capulet garden and find Juliet on her balcony. It is here where Romeo tells Juliet that he would rather face death than have to live and deal with Juliets rejection, My life were better ended by their hate than death prorogued, wanting of thy love. Romeo use of this quote is to almost show commitment and willingness to sacrifice anything for Juliet and to open up his true feelings; even though a modern audience may see these sudden feelings as overly exaggerated due to love being seen as something that grows over time by many people now and not something that can occur within a few hours. This illustrates the differences in social, cultural and historical views on love from the Elizabethan period in which Shakespeare lived and the present world. Shakespeares use of language and structure in Romeo and Juliet contributes and further enhances the feelings involved in the play to an audience. An example of this is Shakespeares use of sonnets. This poetic form commonly featured 14 lines and was written in iambic pentameter to give structure and flow. Sonnets were also poems of the time that symbolised love. This sonnet form in is shown after the wedding night where Romeo has to leave but he in so in love that he tells Juliet he will risk getting caught and stay, I have more care to stay than will to go Come, death, and welcome! Juliet wills it so. Again this quote expresses how Romeo puts Juliet and her happiness before death. This language and structure is used by Shakespeare along with its relation to love and death give the quote a true portrayal of the emotions involved between Romeo and Juliet. What true love also does to both these character is change them. In Juliets case, it gives her strength to disobey obey her parents. This was unheard of in the Elizabethan era as woman had very limited rights despite the fact that the monarch at the time was indeed was a female monarch (Queen Elizabeth I). In Juliets time, daughters were expected to obey whatever their parents command was, whereas today, teenagers have more control over their own lives and opinions. Juliets love for Romeo gives her the strength to deny the marriage proposal to Paris and face any consequences that came with that. Juliet says of how, He shall not make me there a joyful bride, and she will not marry yet but when she does, It shall be Romeo, In contrast, Act 1 Scene 3 shows how obedient Juliet was before meeting Romeo. She shows this when the subject of arranged marriage with Paris is brought up early in the play. Juliet speaks of how she will not endart [her] eye any further than her parents consent gives strength to make it fly. Here Juliet does more than just agree with her parents, but she further elaborates by explaining how she will not like him any more than her parents would like her to. This again demonstrates how deeply in love both Romeo and Juliet were with one another as Juliet challenges her parents word. Another way love presented in the play that also helps express how true Romeo and Juliets love was and illustrates how Romeo changes when meeting Juliet is Courtly love or Petrarchan love. Courtly love was love from afar. It is little known of today but it is clearly shown to us by Shakespeare in the play that this love was a common idea in his time. This form of love is demonstrated through Romeo and his infatuation and obsession with Rosaline early in the play. As the audience, we never meet Rosaline and only discover the depth of Romeos so called love for her. In Act 1 Scene 1, Romeo expresses how he sees Rosaline as being, rich in beauty when Romeo first appears in the play. Before seeing Juliet, Romeo was obsessed with Rosaline as was often found with tears augmenting the fresh mornings dew and [locking] fair daylight out. This quote displays Romeos depression as his love for Rosaline was never returned. Courtly love in this play helps the audience understand the intensity of Romeos feelings upon seeing Juliet. It is like he totally forgets about Rosaline when he says, Did my heart love till now? For I neer saw true beauty till this night. This implies that Romeos short, courtly obsession with Rosaline was nothing in comparison to the emotions he now feels looking at Juliet. This will have left any Elizabethan audience puzzled and thinking of how Romeo is just loves fool. What we do learn about Romeo now is that he was not in love with Rosaline but instead was in love with the idea of being love but experiences love at first sight when he sees Juliet. From this we learn that Romeo and Juliet change after meeting one another. Meeting Romeo gives Juliet strength to go against her parents word and meeting Juliet makes Romeo forget about Rosaline. Shakespeares use of courtly love is to elevate and display the depth of love shown between Romeo and Juliet. The use of these many features by Shakespeare give a modern day reader an image of a perfect, heavenly match/relationship, one that many people long for today where one is willing to give their lives for one another but one that will have been more believable to an Elizabethan audience because of their ideas of love and how someone can fall in love. Such impressions illustrate the changing views of love throughout history in different cultures. However this also helps demonstrate the power that love has had over time because of how humanity can form an emotional connection with it so easily whether it is fiction or not which explains why Romeo and Juliet has been so popular, even 400 years after it was written. Love is something that everyone can relate to whether they have experienced it or not and this is why Romeo and Juliet has been so influential and significant to many readers across the world in either a historic and modern world. Valentine is a poem written in 2010 by Carol Anne Duffy, the current poet laureate. The poem expresses Duffys unusual point of view on love. This is clear from the title and the first line in the poem. The title Valentine is almost misleading as a reader goes on to read the first line where Duffy explains how it is not a red rose or a satin heart. Duffy uses this sentence along with its aloneness below the title to set the tone of the poem of defying tradition. Duffys poem is formed around the extended metaphor of an onion. To many people, Duffys comparison may be seen as very controversial initially as she replaces giving a red rose with giving something bizarre like an onion. However, Duffy uses her cleverness to explain how she used the extended metaphor of giving an onion as something that is more special due to the deep meaning it holds to her and its similarities to love. An example of this is how Duffy describes how an onion can blind you with tears Like a lover. Using this language feature of a simile allows for a connection to be built between an onion and love by explaining how an onion that makes you cry is like the pain caused by love can make you cry. Tears are often something that is provoked by either happiness or sadness. This illustrates the ups and downs of a relationship that a lover is involved in. The word blind can also refer to how love can blind someone in love, making them unable to see anything wrong in their lover . Tears are used here as a physical barrier to not being able to see and also to refer to the ups and down faced by in a relationship. Carol Anne Duffy also goes on to other links between her onion and its message of love to the reader. Duffy suggests how the layers of an onion can represent a wedding ring, Its platinum loops shrink to a wedding ring. The word shrink from platinum loops to a wedding ring could possibly convey Duffys view on marriage. Maybe Duffy is implying that an onion and its loops are more valuable than a wedding ring as it has to shrink and reduce down in size, like marriage may shrink passion and love in relationship. Many may view this as Duffy insulting marriage which may suggest why she is unmarried. But, this distinctive thinking is what matches with the tone of the entire poem; that of slightly defying tradition and going against what people have never questioned. In this case it is marriage, but as discussed above it was traditional valentine gifts. Duffy explains her view and these similarities and previous controversy for many readers changes to an understandable connection and reasoning for Duffys view of why she would use the extended metaphor of an onion. This view may suggest and give a reader an impression of Duffys personality, of how she may look at objects very differently with critical thought. The language used in Valentine helps make the poem more personal to a reader as Duffy uses the words I and you rather than talking in 3rd person. This gives the impression that these feelings have indeed been experienced by Duffy. When looking at the structure of Valentine, a reader can say that the structure and form of the poem is very irregular with single lined verses, lines of different lengths and single words followed by full stops. Where Shakespeare uses the traditional love poem structure of a sonnet, Duffy chooses not to. Again, this expresses how Duffy is being different and opposing what is seen as normal for the style of a love poem. It shows a difference between Shakespeares writing and attitudes to Duffys more controversial poem by the use of the word Not to achieve effect. This is because Shakespeare merely presents love in Romeo and Juliet but Duffy both presents and expresses her view on love in Valentine. Despite the differences in both writers attitudes and ideas to love, the play and poem also have many similarities. A similarity in content is through the use of light imagery. It is used in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet to signify beauty and also views on society by Shakespeare but it is also used in Duffys Valentine. In the poem, this light imagery is represented through how an onion promises light. This light can be seen as Duffy expressing the good things that make up a relationship as light is related to good just like darkness is often related to all things bad. In this case, the light is like the careful undressing of love. Duffy is literally undressing and taking a different viewpoint to express her thoughts on love through explaining all things she believes are good and bad about a relationship. We know this as she goes from talking about this light to telling readers of how love can make you blind. However the major similarity between both Romeo and Juliet and Valentine is how they both involve defying common social views and structure in different contexts. Shakespeare expresses this through the characters Romeo and Juliet where they defy their family structures, the Montagues and the Capulets, in order to be with one another. Juliet also goes against her parents word and both Romeo and Juliet speak of how they would idolise and worship each other which oppose religion and Christian tradition as idol worship. Duffy challenges normal thought throughout her poem to achieve effect and communicate her views to a reader. Even the structure of Valentine is very different to any love poem which is usually written as a sonnet like it is written by Shakespeare. I believe both Shakespeares and Duffys techniques of exploring love in different times and contexts are very effective on a reader or an audience. Duffys ideas and presentation of this theme of love can be seen as appealing due to its more unique approach. But, because Duffys views are different to that of modern society it can also be seen as less influential than Romeo and Juliets presentation of this perfect couple to audiences and readers throughout history. Love in Romeo and Juliet is easier to relate to for anyone because most people in life long for their romeo or their juliet and it is only a presentation of love, not a totally different view of love. It is because of this Romeo and Juliet has been so popular in many forms of entertainment including theatre and now even movies.

Should Patois Be Taught In Schools?

Should Patois Be Taught In Schools? Serious deliberation have been placed on teaching patois in schools by advocates such as professor Hubert Devonish of the department of Language, Linguistics and Philosophy at the University of the West Indies. However patois have no standard way of spelling and grammar and will only bring confusion and limits students ability to write, or express themselves in English. Notwithstanding the cultural impact it has on our Jamaican society, the debate of teaching patois in schools signifies an admission of failure. According to former Prime Minister Bruce Golding, speaking at a graduation at Kings Way High School recently, teaching patois in school would be saying, We have failed to impart our accepted language of English so we are giving up. Patois does not have any place in academics or to the global society, therefore if Jamaicans need to move forward internationally, concentration, on speech, and writing in English will broaden students learning and concept of how important it will be in the long run. Should patois be taught in school? Listening to an interview with our track and field ambassadors, Usain Bolt and Shelly Ann Fraser, expressing themselves with precision without having an interpreter translating patois is invigorating, showing how educated enough they are and how aware of the scope of English has help their global travels. World renowned Jamaican reggae artist Bob Marley spoke in Patois, yes, but lets not forget, his main forum for communicating was through music and the message in his music for most part was in English. Patois has been said to have been Jamaicas native Language for the longest while but there are questions to ask before considering teaching Patois in school, which I strongly am against. According to the Oxford English dictionary, language is defined as the system of communication in speech and writing that is used by people. Patois however is an imitation from TWI, a language spoken by the Ashanti tribe and still spoken in much of Ghana, it is a language that is confirmed to be very difficult to write, and like Jamaican patois its meaning is more dependent on tone than structure. Legend has it that the slaves intentionally mixed TWI and English to construct patois in order to be able to speak but not interpret outside their own circle making slave masters unable to understand. Patois was never Jamaicas first language. Jamaica originally was a Spanish speaking colony hence Spanish would be the first language, shortly after an English colony and even since independence nothing has change in that regard. Patois has no consistency in spelling, grammar or construction rules, its vocabulary isnt contained in any accredited dictionary, therefore, why should it be considered to be taught in schools. Jamaicans learnt it by ear and hone our skills by practice among a circle of patois speaking friends. Education minister Hr. Ronald Thwaites had reports of results of exams showing how the practice of concentrating on writing and speaking the English language is important. Mr Thwaites strongly advise the practise of the English language by teachers, parents and students alike which he deemed would help in students achieving higher grades for, Grade Six Achievement Test (GSAT), Caribbean Examination Council (CXC) Caribbean Secondary Examination Certificate (CSEC), even for university students. Writing patois in essay would be affected by the effort to grasp it. Standard use would be by the spoken words only, which would remove it as anybodys first language, especially to be taught in schools to children who are already struggling to write any form of English. The theory of learning patois is just to transfer insecurities onto an age band that suffer no such uneasiness. Teaching them to enter the world with self-reliance, self-respect, self belief and self worth, would be brought together by the unified language, English. This is not to say patois has no place in our schools, it does however has a chief place in history or social studies called culture. English is a language of contact with the wider world whilst patois is not. English has become compulsory in many countries, reason being English is the language of the world, there are examples of this fact at main events in the world such as the Olympics, and where it shows English is the evading language of choice. Jamaica is a part of a global village, where the need to extricate ourselves from the third world captivity has to be our focus. Failure in the English language in schools that much focus needs to be practiced, the majority of students who fail English have grasped patois too well. However while patois remains and will always be an essential part of Jamaican culture, English remains our official language and greater stress should be placed on teaching and speaking English especially in schools. Patois has its importance in the Jamaican perspective but has no worldwide appeal in work and play therefore it is at our advantage to do our best to teach English and use it as widely as possible. Patois does have its limits. Ironically those who feel or is advocating for patois to be taught in schools are all usually well educated, with reputable careers, thanks to their advanced communication skills in English, I rest my case. Should College Students Wear Uniforms Wearing uniforms in school may be considered to be a good thing. The concept of this teaches college students how to dress appropriately for a special occasion, such as for an interview. Uniforms give an installation of order and discipline within the school therefore making it relevant. It is a distinguishing mark of a school and gives student a sense of belonging, I therefore strongly agree about college students wearing uniforms. Firstly, because it gives a sense of homogeneity. Wearing the same clothing, allows for a sense of equality. Making persons who are poor feels like they have fitted-in to their studying environment. Others, even the rich people, may want to find some way to fit into society, so perhaps this would be one way of doing so. Secondly, students dont have to choose their outfit every day, therefore minimizing those time-consuming decisions on choosing an outfit. Thirdly, it gives identification. For example, if a student from Colbourne College becomes lost or have an accident, they will be easily recognizable by people in the streets or elsewhere, if the person had such a bad accident that puts that person in a state of coma and cannot respond to help, the school could be contacted for relevant information, or the school could be a link to relatives of that particular person. However, schools are more towards education and as well as making lifelong leader. Wearing uniforms gives respect to a school. If students wear a uniform they cannot break the dress code. Buying a uniform is inexpensive, than having to be buying clothes for a day to day purpose as well as save parents who have to struggle to find tuition fee and other financial demands. Young people think too much about fashion and style. Therefore wearing uniform will take their minds off fashion and allow for better concentration on their studies and things that really matters. Some people may say uniforms takes away ones individuality. Which is definitely not so, it is not the clothes that makes one an individual, it is the person wearing the clothes. One hundred persons can be standing in a room wearing the same outfit and still look different. How? By the way they wear their clothes, and by the way they carry themselves. That is what makes someone an individual. If persons feel like they cannot be an individual without the clothes, then they were never an individual in the first place. Having ones individuality will allow one to stand out in or out of uniforms. They can stand out in any situation, at any time, or place. Therefore advocates who are not for uniforms can stop putting so much emphasis on how clothes make the individual, because that is not true, what the advocates should do is focus on the order, and value that uniforms instils. On the other hand, so many young people wear clothes that are too tight and too revealing. Uniforms can be a protection where that is concerned, for instance prevention of having to deal with a perverted teacher who will have indecent thoughts about a student. Therefore bordering on indecent dressing cuts down on that. Consequently, people may argue that students can have more liberty and show off their creativity by not wearing the standard boring school uniforms, but this may cause distraction among students. School uniforms teach students the lesson of respect and prioritizing, putting studies above fashion, since their main focus should be studying. School uniforms teach students respect and the importance to prioritize. For these reason, I therefore conclude that school uniforms are necessary and essential because it promotes values of paramount importance. I believe that continuation to have college students wear school uniforms would be as beneficial to our community and society at large. Task two: Descriptive writing TOPICS: Your memory of a place that you visited as a child A treasured belonging An accident scene A street that leads to your home or street My memory of a place I visited as a child Clear, blue dashing water lining the coast of St. Mary to Port Antonio, was always a captivating soothing sight for me when going on a visit as a child on holidays. The feeling of nostalgia was always overwhelming in my memories as I recall those visits. Anxiety engulf my mind that on the night before my trips as I can recall was a restless, sleepless one for a child, looking forward to visiting my aunts home, in Portland. The memories of waking up in the morning to a delicious, hot, appetizing, well cooked meal of boiled bananas with roasted breadfruit, with ackee and saltfish along with some nice warm tasty chocolate tea, was mouth watering enough for a child who wasnt even crazy about food. After breakfast my cousin and I would prepare ourselves for our favourite daily trips to the beach that was five minutes walking distance from my aunts home. Those walks to the beach were always a delight for my cousin and me. The roads leading there were always packed with people who were alwa ys washing down cars, or at shop corners playing domino, or just having a friendly chat with each other, so there was always the sounds of laughter and excitement in the air while taking our journey to the beach. We didnt mind the rocky narrow roads that led to the beach, we didnt even notice how cruel they were, nothing unpleasant phased our journey, the rocky roads deemed pleasant for us, we didnt even noticed how devastating the roads were, our innocent minds didnt see the faults of how dangerous the narrow roads we travelled, could have been, with cars driving along as if we werent there, each time stopping and pulling ourselves to one corner of the road to allow them to pass. Alluring and captivating sight of our destination each day always gave me a tranquil feeling as I can remember clearly. Our bag filled with load of goodies from shops we stopped and bought from tells that we had no intention to leave quickly. Music from little huts and sounds of laughter of other children playing gleefully near the shores, always reminded us that we would not be alone. The white sands under our feet, felt as if we were actually walking on carpets in our home, the clear blue water seemed to beckon us to enter its domain, and without hesitation we normally did. Calm and relaxing as I found the inviting waters, I never venture far away from the shore, never allowing the waters to pass my waist, because in my mind the sea was a entire world to itself with many secret, and has much has it drew me I always kept my stance. Taking regular breaks to stop and enjoy our sparkling sodas and tasty treats, as well as joining other children who seemed to enjoy being part of what th e beach had to offer. We would normally play on swings that hung from tree branches that were found right on the sandy seashore or we would have castle building competitions of who could build the better castle faster. Before retiring from my place of solace my cousin and I would wash ourselves, in the cool sea waters which seemed to actually enjoy bathing us, as if to say, Good bye girls see you tomorrow. On reaching our aunts home we were always welcome by the scent of dinner which drew us fiercely to the table to enjoy what the country had to offer. Gripping childhood memories of my holiday vacations to Port Antonio was always as I distinctly remember, very much anticipated. A treasured belonging Have you ever had a photograph that you have treasured? A photograph of my parents together, reminding me of happier days as a family, which is a treasured belonging of mine. Glossy and radiant with an antique finish that gives a feeling of rare treasure. Holding hands and standing by a delicious, sweet, savoury mango tree with the sun beating down on a pleasantly windy day. My mothers long coarse hair, blowing in the air, made her appear radiant as my father looked affectionately at her. Staring intently into each others, misty eyes. The feeling of shiny deep fondness for each other went beyond the photograph. As I glance at the photo, I reminisced at how beautiful and wonderful my parents were together making it a lasting memory of what wonderful parents I have been blessed with. Forever treasuring a pass of happy times shared together as a family. Stolen by my thoughts of how life was through the vintage photograph of my parents, knowing this photo was part of my heart allowed solace and comfort of times passed and memories to share with my children of their roots and even of the impact it could have on our modern days, by showing them the love from that one photograph of family togetherness and love. Holding the photograph as if it was an egg, carefully putting it away in my safe signifies how much it meant to me to hold on and cherish the memories of my parents who died several years ago, keeping them alive through the memories of a photograph. An accident scene As usual I got up to a bright sunny morning ready to take my customary morning walk down a frequently busy street that gives one quite a adrenaline rush to see the quivering cars and buses make their way busily, with people who needed to reach their destination without hesitation. On reaching a block away from my home a friend of mine who live on 57th street was waiting anxiously on my arrival to join me on my routine walk. Just has she was about to cross the street, suddenly a crazed van from out of nowhere knocked her right across the street where she fell exactly at my feet! Shocked at how fast it all enfold, I began screaming profuciously in a panic to be witness of someone I knew, got hit down so brutally. Bleeding from her mouth and head she laid there obviously unconscious. I shouted helplessly to passersbys for help, begging them repeatedly to call an ambulance, not even taking notice of the van speeding away quickly. People started rushing towards the scene in panic, wanting to know if she was dead. At first I thought she was, her lifeless helpless body just lay there on the ground twisted in an unusual awkward position. All sorts of things ran through my mind at this point, I wondered how could this be, how did a seemingly wonderful day turn out to be so horrific. In a distance I could hear the sounds of police and ambulance sirens approaching, thinking that they have taken a bit of, what seems to be forever to arrive. Still slumped over my friends lifeless body, still crying relentlessly, hoping that god has not taken her away, a soft gentle hand held me up, pleadingly perswayed me to go with them, reassuring me that the police and paramedics are professionals and would take care of my friend. Watching steadily, with my tear torn face, as they checked her body for any unusual bleeding, and testing to see if her heart was beating on the spot, quickly adjusting her onto a stretcher to fit in the ambulance I heard one of the paramedics shouted, she is alive! A street that leads to my home. Dilapidated and fill with cries of pain, my street greeted me as I turned off onto it to get to my home. The horrific pot holes were a scene of a stolen dead body with the intestine, bladder and heart pulled out. Sometimes I wonder what tortured chamber I dissipated onto awaiting an executioner to grab me and do to me what he has done to my street. Dogs walked aimlessly along the street from bin to bin hunger stricken looking for their next meal, scattering garbage all over. There was a chill as I walked along the stretch that led to my home, the wind blew the scattered garbage and whispered softly, and making me quite aware of how lonely the street was with only me and the dogs as occupants. Dark and clouded was the street as if a storm was ready to hit and beckoning me to hurry along the stretch. Heart racing, as if in an Olympics, I hurried in anxiety of sight of home. The trees that stood sturdily along the street side told ancient stories of what should have been an exquisite ne ighbourhood. Buildings that faded what seemed to be centuries ago, hung on to life as if wanting to be revived and saved, making me sometimes wonder what life the street would have if help had reached in time or what stories it had to tell. Not wavering my mind too much by distraction of historic mysteries, I hurried off the street to the entrance of my home, which seemed to have saved me from a monstrous journey, making me felt relieved of a five minutes walked that seemed to last forever. Task Three: Poetry/Comprehension Poetry answers; The narrator is speaking to her son child in the first stanza. The man indicated to the woman that after reaching home he would signal her by lighting his lamp. Occasion of the poem would be recollection of how a romance started from start to end. The events in the first stanza took place in the late evening. Usage of the inverted commas by the poet at the beginning and the end of the first stanza is to express or stress the time or era in her life when her romance started and how she felt. Words that would indicate the reluctance of the man to leave the woman could be, bear, turned, pact. The effect the writer tried to create by repeating could not bear is a certain type of mood that would indicate how both the man and woman felt for each other, and how much they didnt want to be apart. Comprehension passage None in line one refers to Parillon men. The writer rates the performance of the Parillon men by expressing how well they have done in merchandising and inter-island shipping through their generation. The Parillon women did volunteer work instead of working for pay. Two words or phase in the passage that showed the attitude of the Parillon women in the Tortola community are words, such as aloofness, and phase, such as, an air of superior apartness. Nobles oblige is put in italics for emphasis on the Parillon women act of honor or generosity. Two words which express the image the writer creates by the use of the word, cocooned, are; They were thought to have lost out, gives the meaning of the women not enjoying life to the fullest by not marrying or having children. Whisperings tells that the neighbours attitude towards the Parillon women were pitiable. Task four: Summary Writing How children should be kept healthy for school. Children should always have a medical test for various communicable diseases and should be fully immunized before returning to school. It is an essential part of back to school and is compulsory. Being immunized helps in the prevention of transmittable disease outbreaks such as measles, mumps and rubella which are still a big killer among children. Parents should teach children about proper hygiene consistently especially for preschoolers who often contract germs from playmates. Informing teachers of a childs allergic reactions for food or otherwise is also a precautionary measure. If child shows symptoms of infectious illness, irrespective of how the child may look never send a child to school until he or she is seen by a doctor.

Gender: Feminism and Masculinity Essay -- essays research papers fc

In a recent meta-analysis by Kite and Whitley in 1996, it was confirmed that men hold more negative attitudes toward homosexuality than do women. They also determined that men's attitudes toward homosexuality are particularly negative when the person being rated is a gay man rather than a lesbian. Their review of the literature also highlighted the complex nature of attitudes toward homosexuality noted by others. In order to understand the constructive attitudes of homosexuality, there are several factors that include beliefs that gay people are threatening or dangerous, etc. I reviewed Millham, San Miguel, & Kellogg, 1976; Plasek & Allard, 1984. These complexities, and how they influence sex differences in attitudes toward homosexuality, remain largely unexplored. The present research examines two issues: (1) whether sex differences in attitudes toward homosexuality vary by attitude component and (2) whether, within each component, the sex of the person being rated influences these attitudes. Kite and Whitley's (1996) have reviewed data that heterosexuals' evaluations of gay men and lesbians are influenced by a generalized gender belief system. According to this model, we as humans have already have characterized gender reflect the belief that gender-associated attributes are bipolar: What is masculine is not feminine and vice versa. We also tend to possess stereotypically masculine physical characteristics and to adopt stereotypically masculine roles. Similarly, the knowledge that a person is stereotypically feminine on one dimension leads to the inference that the person is stereotypically feminine on other dimensions I think that as a society, our beliefs about homosexuality are influenced by a gender belief system. Men are in stereotypically feminine terms are more likely to be judged homosexual than are men described in stereotypically masculine terms. At a lesser note, women are described too as sterotypes in masculine terms and are judged lesbian than women describ ed in stereotypically feminine terms In some gender-based judgments of gay people reflect the belief that male homosexuals are similar to female heterosexuals and that female homosexuals are similar to male heterosexuals (e.g., Kite & Deaux, 1987; Storms, Stivers, Lambers, & Hill, 1981). As Kite (1994) has argued, separating gender-role beliefs from attitudes toward homose... ...not want their tough side invaded they way I see it. This was a tought subject to write about, but I felt that the issue of gender with being Gay and Lesbian needed to be written. Works Cited Batson & Burris, 1994; Herek, 1988 Esses, Haddock, & Zanna, 1993   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.cpa.ca/cjbsnew/1996/ful_esses.html Herek, 1986b   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://en.web-blaster.org/www.lds-mormon.com/hldsss.shtml Kite & Deaux, 1987; Storms, Stivers, Lambers, & Hill, 1981   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/lablouin/psych200/project_fall01/stereotyping.htm   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.womenandsociety.buffalo.edu/bibliog/articles/bib/sj-sz.htm   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Louderback & Whitley, 1997   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.highbeam.com/library/doc0.asp?docid=1G1:112247853&refid=ink_puballmags&skeyword=&teaser= Kite and Whitley   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  psychology.ucdavis.edu/Rainbow/ html/poq_2002.pdf Millham, San Miguel, & Kellogg, 1976; Plasek & Allard, 1984   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.lesbianinformationservice.org/attrl.htm Whitley, 1987

Teacher-Student Relationship :: Democratic Education, teaching, teachers

Discussing the teacher-student relationship, Freire (1995) advocates that liberating education consists in acts of cognition, not transfers of information (p. 57). Throughout the text, he classifies two kinds of educational ideologies—the banking concept of education and â€Å"problem-posing† education. In the book, he lists several characteristics of banking theory. He argues that one feature of this educational ideology is that the teachers work as narrators in the classroom, which leads students to memorize mechanically the narrated content (1995, p. 53), and eventually turn students into receptacles and depositories. Apart from inquiry, this ideology projects an absolute ignorance onto others (1995, p. 57). As a result, banking theory and practice minimize students’ creative power and to stimulate their credulity servers the interest of the oppressors who neither to have the world revealed nor to see it transformed (1995, p. 58). On the other hand, taking th e people’s historicity as the starting point, problem-posing education emphasizes the equal and positive relationship between teachers and students, in which teachers are no longer the ones who teach, but ones who are in dialogues with the students who in turn while being taught also teachers (1995, p. 65). In line with Freire’s belief, Greene, in 1988, writes from a more specific perspective, suggesting that teaching for â€Å"conscientization† is an awareness that might make injustice unendurable (p. 6). He maintains that teachers should overcome internalized oppression, in order to teach not only what they believe, but also teach for the sake of arousing the kinds of vivid, reflective and experiential responses that might motivate students to come together to understand what social justice actually means (1988, p. 3). Providing a more specific situation, he asserts that teaching for social justice demands openings to all sides: to that of persons desirous of telling their stories or picturing them in some fashion; to that of new comers striving to make sense of the very notion of consensus or mutuality; to that of children and young people, familiar with the languages used at home (not standard English) or with the language of the street (1988, p. 16). This article makes me recall my prior educational experiences in China where people value teaching and guiding base on textbook contents. It is also being used in Chinese family education. Students perceive knowledge by listening to what the parents have told them and by reading textbooks which parents ask them to read.

Restorative Justice Essay

Introduction: The two thing that most victims of a crime have in common is that they want to know who committed the crime and why. In addition many victims may desire to meet and confront the offender to get some closure or justice. In some cases this is made possible via restorative justice process. This process is all about bringing the victim and the offender together. Restorative justice process: Restorative justice process is a process where the victim of a crime and the criminal are brought together to share their thoughts and feeling. The purpose of this is to help each side understand the pain that was caused by the crime. The three main processes most often identified with restorative justice is Restorative Circles, Restorative Conferencing and Victim-offender mediation. Restorative Circles is a facilitated community meetings attended by offenders, victims, their friends and families, interested members of the community, and (usually) representatives of the justice system. The facilitator is a community member (called a â€Å"keeper†) whose role is primarily to keep the process orderly and periodically to summarize for the benefit of the circle. Conferencing brings the victim and offender to a face-to-face meeting to discuss the crime and its impact. This brings support people for both the victim and offender in the discussions. A criminal justice representative may be present in the conference. A trained facilitator, who does not have a role in the substantive discussions leads  and guides the Participants. Victim Offender Mediation brings victims and offenders together with a trained facilitator to discuss the crime and develop an agreement for how to make things right. This process focuses on creating a safe, comfortable environment in which restorative dialogue can take place. Effects of the crime: The effects of this crime were far reaching. Obviously it affected Mildred in several ways. She lost her valuables and now she is afraid to stay at home. In addition it also effected Mildred’s daughter, Betty. Betty now had to provide a place for her to stay for a while and now she was worried about her safety. This crime also had an effect on the communities’ sense of security as well as the offenders family. Differences between restorative justice process and contemporary criminal justice: Restorative justice is a process where all members volunteer to participate, which in return ensure buy in from all parties. This is essential in ensuring rehabilitation of the offender and closure for the victim. In addition the penalty for the offense is less severe therefore it give the offender a chance to make amends and get back on track. No conviction charges are applied. The contemporary criminal justice process is formal and requires a judge, lawyers and a possible jury. This process is all about proving guilt and holding offenders accountable. It may not be the most effective way to give closure to the victim or rehabilitating the offender. Restorative justice process benefits: David was given a second chance to make amends for his offense with him receiving a conviction . He was given an opportunity to see how his action affected the victim and other s around her, In return he was able to get back onto the right path. Mildred was given closure and she received some of her property back and she gained confidence in her community. The community gained confidence in their overall security. Conclusion: At the end of the day the restorative justice process is more productive and effective as long as all side are willing participants. Buy in on a solution to a problem is always more effective then forcing the solution via conviction. References www.rjcity.org (copyright 2007 Prison Fellowship International).

De Beers Analysis

system INDUSTRY AND COMPETITION Problem practice 3 1. Th overstrungout the 1990s, several developments contributed to the waiver of market-shargon of the Central Selling Organization, which inevitably guide to diminishing profits for De Beers. In 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed and this disintegration brought down the exclusivity that the CSO had enjoyed for so long. Indeed, the fall of communism made it gruelling for the cartel to protect its trading agreements.As such, simply express mail sh ares of the Russian overlapion reached the CSO, the recess organism supplied to the disputation by Alrosa (which became the widely distributed dominant non-African producer) and other Russian enterprises. In 1996, as a consequence of the CSOs reluctance to satisfy demand for actually small stones, the argyle mine in Australia (with a very distinctive rough production that De Beers had save a limited capacity to match), masterled by Rio Tinto a international mining high soci ety and one of their main upstream competitors became the first major producer to departure from its contract with De Beers.This disruption sternly compromised De Beers punishment capabilities through stockpiling. Additionally, in Canada, somewhat other major competitor arose (BHP). De Beers had a paradox in these two markets. Unlike African countries, these are nations characterized by strong institutions, with a degree of bureaucratization and stability as well as cultural advancement that do non favor for the kind of easily bribes that had allowed the company to correspond the quantities sold worldwide.However, raze in Africa other obstacles appeared. While Angolan and West African output were being diverted to other channels, the concerns about infringe baseball fields reaching their peak with outbursts in Angola through the 90s in addition damaged De Beers image and only made it more difficult for those diamonds to be sold through the CSO. Finally, pressure fro m some African governments (Botswana and Namibia, for example) inadvertently or designedly created internal competitors.Thus, De Beers maxim its monopolistic panorama seriously scourgeened and since it could no hourlong control the diamond flow to the market, it was squeeze to practice a price encompassing(prenominal) to that of a competitive market, which meant lower profits. 2. in any event the increasing competition that was subject to in the last decade of the 20th ampere-second, De Beers also had to concern itself with the possibility of new entrants in the very market where it had prospered.Due to the compliance with the world(a) Witness proposal against conflict diamonds, De Beers saw the noose tightening around its trading operations and as a consequence the threat of new entrants surged, with several groups expanding aggressively on the continent. Perhaps the biggest of those threats was the business group controlled by Leviev, the worlds largest diamond legal ten der and polisher. One of his ideas was to integrate backward into merchandise rough diamonds. Also, the pressures in Angola were putting in danger the marketing agreement the clownish had with the company.That agreement would eventually be terminate already in this century, being replaced with a single-channel marketing entity in which Leviev held a one-quarter interest. Obviously, these potential threats had a negative motion in De Beers profits, despite its strong taint Image. 3. Traditionally, De Beers would buy the supply from other producers to control the market output. With the rise of competitors this became increasingly difficult. As alternatives to the cartel emerged, the bargaining power of suppliers grew. Argyles eventual withdrawal and Angolas termination of the exclusivity with De Beers are clear make of this growing power.Governments began to pressure the company as well. South Africa aimed to have more gems kink locally and other nations such as Botswana and N amibia sought to increase the value captured with the activities performed in spite of appearance their borders. Of course, for the company to grant this it would have to get wind its percentage of value retention lowered. In a climate of an undeniable backdrop, this was to that degree another accompanimentor that contributed to decreasing diamond earnings. 4. Although an increase in competition promoter that buyers will have alternatives (higher bargaining power), this was liquid an area (of the five forces) where the market remained attractive.Competitors did not have the level of expertise or the established supply chain that characterized a company with more than a century of market knowledge. The closely relevant fact to mention on the buyers side is the Japanese recession of 1998. De Beers suffered severely from this downturn, after obtaining nigh a decade of expansion in various Asian markets. Still, buyers in this labor are not just lowest consumers, but intermedia ries as well. With the rising competition and consequent declining credibility, De Beers could not control sightholders, for instance, with the selfsame(prenominal) discipline and efficiency as before.Leviev (a sightholder himself) is the amend example of this reality. Of course the less control the company exerts, the lower its returns are. 5. Regarding substitutes, the closest product would be synthetic diamonds. Yet, these diamonds remained exclusive to industrial applications (to compensate for the scarcity of the others for these functions) and so earthy diamonds were still a unique luxury. In spite of the social issues brought up by conflict diamonds, the product was still saved from substitution throughout the 1990s.The marketing efforts of the previous(prenominal) efforts (mainly represented by the campaign Diamonds are forever) continued to provoke the in demand(p) import. By establishing them as a symbolisation of lasting love, power and wealth, De Beers had assured that aught could be compared to a diamond, which translated in a he amount of profits throughout that century. On this area, the main challenge for the company presented itself in the early 1990s in the Chinese market. Not only were these consumers traditionally focused on gold and dash, period unfamiliar with diamonds, but also fair color were thought to bring misfortune.This superpower seem trivial for a western consumer, but Chinese people were and are still today some of the most superstition nations on earth. The gold and jade products had certainly a negative effect on De Beers profits. Nevertheless, the company managed to overcome this double by using Chinese beliefs to its improvement (the red thread ad is a perfect showcase for this idea). This advertisement strategy was very successful and by 2000, sell sales had reached $731 million. Duarte Costa, 1284

Investigation of factors affecting the distribution of Chironomus larvae in Nant Iago

Method biotic info1. The swarm was split into 14 sections and hosts of 3 were apiece assigned to work at unalike sections of the pelt, which began at the beginning, even up at the top, and closing curtaininged moreover smooth menses.2. The mode we utilize for our test was Disturbance Sampling. This was obliging with the aid of a Surber taste tester which we use in whizz riffle and one pocket billiards in our section. The Surber Sampler consisted of a acquit which had a 1.0mm2 prosecute at the end w present each the sample statistical distributions were still and a quadrat which was fit(p) all e reallyplace a fortune of the riffle or syndicate and gave us our atomic fleck 18a of taste.3. By laying the quadrat direct on the bed, I disturbed the float bed and wet supply- lavation e very(prenominal) trickery universes into the net profit. I whence serve the piss by heart of the mesh to collect all(prenominal) samples in the water.4. former ly this was done the inverteb appraises were identified, turn overed and put tweakPhysical Data1. To accomplish my corporeal entropy, I measured the pH of the water, the totality Dissolved Solids (TDS), the fade let out type O, the depth and the temperature.2. all in all were measured using specialised probes which were placed in the water of the riffles or the pond. The probes gave us establishings of whichever piece of data we were trying to misfortune on after 30 seconds. The cultures were so enter.3. The do of junk was estimated using estimation by eye, save and measured using a scale of 1-41. None2. Little3. whatever4. AbundantThe pool was 4 and the riffles was 2.4. The substratum was alike identified as to what look was present, i.e. Riffles arrests and pebbles. kittens twigs, soil, leaves, detritus.Null Hypothesis at that place result be no passing in the returns of genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus gen us genus genus Chironomus mingled with pools and riffles. selection Hypothesis There bequeath be a signifi nookietly advanceder add of Chironomus in the pools than in the riffles.Which statistical canvass?I am breathing out to use the chi squ atomic number 18ly test because we do non k outright the linguistic rule distrisolelyion of the data and because I whole fall in a beautiful data sample of 14. A chi squ ar test is utilize to fol busted with if commemo sum up ranks ar different from evaluate values.X2 = ? (O-E)2 o = observedE E = expectedPOOLRIFFLE detect (o)28515EXPECTED (e)300 = one hundred fifty300 = 15O E285 cl = 13515 cl = -135(O E) 2(285- 150)2 = 18,225(15-150)2 = 18,225( O-E)2E18225 = 121.515018225 = 121.5150? (O-E)2E121.5 + 121.5 = 243My chi squ are value from the experiment was 243. The critical value from the prorogue at 95% confidence showed to be 3.84 at 1 degree of freedom.Because my observational chi- square value is of a oft convicti ons greater value than my calculated value, it leaves me with a result indicating that my Null Hypothesis is in purify. I am 99.9% overconfident that it is wrong as the critical value at this site is 10.8 and my calculated critical value is 243 which is an super macroscopicalr figure.Therefore I lead in turn accept my utility(a) hypothesis which states that thither pass on be a prodigiously larger number of Chironomus in pools than in the riffles. afterwards my statistical analysis, I can see that in that respect was crucially more Chironomus raise in the pool. As my tightness data shows the maximum abundance of Chironomus is 800m2 in the pool, whereas the maximum number of Chironomus strand in the riffles is 50m2.InterpretationOur steer was to investigate the distribution of crispwater Macroinvertebrates in both(prenominal) small home grounds in an upland rate of menstruum. A pelt is formed call suit adapted to gloom do overland die hard in water and in that location are umteen case-by-case f doors which proceed the pepper and the abundance of its tolerateants. The two different types of particularors are Abiotic and Biotic.AbioticThe Abiotic positionors, which would affect the stream and its inhabitants, areThe authoritative in the riffles, which is significantly stronger compared to the current in the pools. It would nominate that in that location are either non as m any organisms vivification in the riffles or that if on that point are, hence they would be specially competent organisms. Examples of this would be an organism, which is highly streamlined. This would help it be stayed from creation washed off the rock. It is overly adapted to support in the riffles with its claws that help it grip and hang onto the rock to pr correctt it from existenceness washed forward.In comparison, in that respect is evidence to bode that in that location is none or very slighter current in the pools. This forget af fect the organisms living in the pools, because there is very little chance for them to be washed a office, resulting in there being a higher population of organisms in the pools than there is in the riffles. The commencement nightclubs of current mean that there is excessively a lot of small substrate sparkicles. This federal agency that many otherwise different types of organisms leave throne inhabit the pools as there forget be more prey for predators, and in turn, those which are the predators, leave attract organisms which hunt club for them themselves. These new predators al base for also inhabit the pools to consume their prey.The substratum take aims and content of them also affects the stream and its organisms. In the pools, there are just aboutly high levels of detritus as the current is extremely low gear and so the sediment is rented to even uptle on the creek bed and be built up. There are, however, cut numbers of detritus, twigs and leaves in the ri ffles because there is a high current running here and anything which settles here allowing get washed a fashion. Therefore, there is a layer of gravel and pebbles.Temperature also affects the distribution of organisms. When there are high temperatures or when the temperatures rise, the respiration of the organism forget also rise, bear upon where they mustiness blend in cod to the fact that if they are respiring at a higher rate, consequently there will need to be more type O availcap adequate to(p) to them. By living in the pools, this large measure of atomic number 8 is unavailable to them because of the slow run for rate and low fade out type O portion. If there is a drastic depart in the temperature of the water, then the enzymes in most organisms will become de reputationd and they will die. This is also the case if the temperature becomes to a fault cold. The organisms will not be able to stay in those conditions and so will die.The component part of dissolv ed root word O affects the stream and the distribution of its organisms. When there is a low parcel of dissolved oxygen, there will be a high number of organisms, which are specially adapted to living in these good-natureds of conditions, more than(prenominal) as the Chironomus. This organism has protohemeoglobin in its body to help it die hard in such low levels of dissolved oxygen when it is delveed in the stream bed. Where there are high levels of oxygen, you will visit that there are riffles. This kernel that there will be very little number of organisms present as they will just be washed a path.BioticBiotic factors affecting the distribution and abundance of the stream and its organisms include* Food accessibility for example,the prey or food particles of the correct size/type* Predation The fortune of prey surviving fattens when predator densities increase.* contention Competition from organisms with similar ecological niches* DiseaseThere are 2 microhabitats in the Nant Iago the pool, and the riffle. I am now going to break in more detail the differences the characteristics of the two microhabitats and compare them to assist me in describing the factors affecting the distribution of organisms in Nant Iago Nr. Abergevanny, S. Wales.Characteristics Of A PoolTo begin, the substrate in the pool principally consists of small particles such as sand, mud, detritus and twigs. Detritus is dead decaying organic matter. This construct up is callable to the low watercourse rate of 0.05m/s in the stream which encumbers the substrate from being washed a style. The printing is that the substrate settles and is deposited on the streambed as there is not enough jam to wash it away and becomes a habitat for many organisms which can be accomplished in the stream. It has made the detritus rating 3.7 which is abundant.The percentage of dissolved oxygen in the stream is 63.6% which is low. This low amount of dissolved oxygen is repayable to the fa ct that bacterium go on the large amounts of colonised detritus. These decomposing bacteria are high in numbers and aerobically respire extensively as they junket on the detritus. In order to respire, oxygen is needed therefore oxygen levels are exceptionally low and plummet in pools due to the mass of bacteria respiring. This leaves a low public discussion of fresh oxygen in water. The low level of fresh oxygen is also due to the substrate on the streambed accumulating and being so condensed, that the water particles are cut back from moving through and through it. This, together with the low current, doer that the oxygen is not able to be replaced and conditions in pool sediments whitethorn become anoxic.Characteristics Of A RiffleIn a riffle the number of small substrate particles ledgered was dishonor than that of the pool, and this is due to the much faster current current through this part of the stream. The return rate here was 0.431 m/s. This actor that it has a c on grimacerably higher kinetic might in comparison to the pool and it results in the diminutive particles and detritus being move away with ease. This is evidential through the data which I recorded where it demonstrates that the detritus calculate was 2.4 (little). Organisms which would need to be adapted to these kinds of speeds of water race. Baetidae is an example. These organisms are extremely streamlined. This assists the organism greatly, as when it hangs onto the rocks, instead of the water taking the Baetidae with its current, the water will instead flow over due to its highly streamlined body.This is also helpful as when the water flows over the organism, the pressure from the flow causes the organism to be pressed against the rock even more, causing greater resistance to the organism being taken away with the current. The Baetidae also has adapted claws which are situated on the ends of its legs. These claws vex onto the rock to help give supernumerary strength agai nst being taken away with the current.The dissolved percentage of oxygen was read at 64.1%. This however whitethorn not entirely be correct as the reading is far too low than expected, which leads me to believe that the reader may defend been defected as the value should be close at hand(predicate) to 100%. The general trend is hypernym to that of the pools because there are large gaps between the large substrate particles in the riffles, which in turn results in higher breathing and faster current/water flow through the sediment.I will now let off how and why Chironomus are base in pools and are able to live in anoxic conditions.As a female adult Midge deposits her testicle in water, the gelatinous mass hatches and each larvae which has hatched, burrows into the detritus on the bed of the pool. Once here, it develops a silklike burrow to prevent the detritus from collapsing on it. The just time the detritivore Chironomus vaguely leaves this silken burrow is when it will po p its head out briefly to feed on the ring detritus. This benthic invertebrate is adapted to subsisting in anoxic conditions and has become acquired to them through several(prenominal) ways psyological adaptations, behavioural adaptations and structural adaptations.* Structural Adaptations The Chironomus has diminutive gills at the end of its body which amplifies the large rear area to volume ratio. Therefore oxygen may diffuse in apace and easily. Its slender cylinder shape means that it can burrow easily in the detritus ground on the stream bed.* Behavioural Adaptations The Chironomus exists in silken burrows in the sediment. This means that there is a constrained cadence of oxygen get show over to them. Therefore to make the oxygen accessible, they crumple their bodies to make water flow through the tube. This enables the haemoglobin in their bodies to become change with oxygen from the water in this ventilation current.* Psyological Adaptations Just like a mammal, in order for oxygen to be transported more or less the body, it must combine with haemoglobin firstborn. Chironomus has haemoglobin which is very similar to that of a mammal. It consists of 1 or 2 polypeptide handcuffs of 136 to 151 amino acid length. Each polypeptide is folded into a tertiary structure and has a adept haem group. This haemoglobin is, however, not found in cells, but is found in the body cavity in a fluid named haemolymph. The only main difference between the Chironomus haemoglobin and mammalian haemoglobin is that Chironomus haemoglobin has a much higher affinity for oxygen. This signifies that the oxygen will concord to the haem groups at extremely low partial pressures and will be released only when needed. This assists them when burrowing in anoxic conditions, in the sediment on the pool bed, where oxygen is very restricted. The haemoglobin act as an oxygen store and will this can be demonstrated on an oxygen disassociation graph.As shown, the O2 dissociat ion thread for the Chironomus haemoglobin is to the left of the mammalian O2 dissociation curve. This means that it has a higher affinity and will withstand oxygen at especially low partial pressures. The reason why the Chironomus dissociation curve is full-strength is due to the fact that it has only two polypeptides so it is extremely easy for the blood cells to bind to the haem groups.The mammalian dissociation curve is s-shaped (sigmoid). This is because it has quaternary polypeptides. With the first haem group, it is tough for the O2 molecule to bind to it, but erstwhile it has then this makes it easier for the second and trey O2 molecule to bind to the haem groups. The reason why the curve lines off is due to the fact that it is harder for oxygen to bind to the fourth haem group.Benefits of living in anoxic sedimentsLiving in anoxic conditions requires special adaptations which can be found in Chironomus. Examples of why it may be beneficial for the Chironomus to live in anoxic conditions are that it helps them rid of predation from predators such as the stone pit fly nymphs Perlodidae. It also helps Chironomus subdue competition such as interspecies competition from other organisms, for example, the shrimp (gammaridae) who are also detritivores. The shrimp will feed on the floating detritus but cannot enter the substrates and feed on any buried detritus as it does not permit adaptations for anoxic conditions. The Chironomus, however, will feed on the detritus in the pool bed. It means that the shrimp cannot feed on the lower parts of detritus because of the low amounts of dissolved oxygen, they will not survive. This shows the different niches.EvaluationExperimental ErrorsLimitations in machineThe limitations in the apparatus equipment may dispose had an overall affect on my last results. By discussing the limitations with my apparatus, I can then relate it to the affect it had on my results.The first limitation was with the Surber Sampl er we used. In the pools, there is not as much flow as there is originating in the riffles. This can be distinguished on my results table where it illustrates that the mean flow rate for the pools is 0.059m/s in blood line to 0.431m/s found in the riffles. Hence, this signifies that with a low flow rate in the pools, anything disturbed such as Chironomus or other invertebrates which did not get washed into the net could experience swum away with ease. In comparison, the riffles had the usefulness of having a high flow rate connotating that there was a high chance of invertebrates being washed into the mesh net. This affects the results because it means that there could turn out been an artificially lower count of Chironomus in the pools. there wasnt and where there should suffer been a lower, or perhaps a zero count, of Chironomus in the riffles, there were results that showed up to 5 Chironomus being found.The second reserve caused by the Surber Sampler we used was due to the net. The net mesh is 1mm2 and this may adjudge been a problem. Chironomus goes through 8 instar stages where at each stage, they shed their strip down and grow bigger. At the first instar stage, the Chironomus is especially minuscule, so when we disturbed the pool or riffle, the small Chironomus will have simply washed straight through the net. This brings us to a net stage that we could only have by chance trap Chironomus or other invertebrates stupendous the size of 1mm due to the fact that they would have been rinsed directly through the net if any smaller. This affects the results because it demonstrates that there may have been a significantly higher amount of Chironomus in both pools and riffles although they were not recorded as the net was unsuccessful in detaining them, reason being that their size was too diminutive. Nonetheless, this is not a very significant misunderstanding as it has an equal result in both the pools and the riffles.A third limitation with the Surber Sampler was related to the substrate. more(prenominal) rocks can be found in the riffles, whereas in the pools, more sand and congest can be found. The rocks in the riffles prevented the Surber Sampler from lying flat as the rocks are, all, unhomogeneous sizes. As the Surber Sampler cannot lie flat, Chironomus may have been washed away, underneath the Surber Sampler where it failed to touch the stream bed. The way this has bear on the results is obvious. Any Chironomus which failed to wash into the net swam away when disturbed, leaving the Chironomus results lower than they should have been in the riffles. This is an classical misplay as it only meatuate the riffles.Limitations in methodThe method we all took up comprised of each group being assigned to a certain part of the stream. The limitation of this is that when groups further up stepped into the stream they would have disturbed the streambed. However, samples which they disturbed were not calm. Instead, the i nvertebrates which were disturbed could have been washed down stream and rinsed into a net belong to another group downstream. This is called invertebrate drift and it is caused when a large number of mess are sampling all at the akin moment. When invertebrate drift takes place, the invertebrates are much more presumable to settle in pools as they have a very low flow rate and this causes the Chironomus count to be higher than it should be which is called over sampling. It influences the results because it means that, theoretically, the Chironomus count which some groups collected is more assign than supposed to. This is a study error source as its effect is control to the downstream groups and mainly the pool regions.This is associate to the accuracy of our results being affected by the limitations in the method. some other aspect add to the accuracy of our results being affected by limitations in the method, is that there was no type method of disturbing. Individuals, who disturbed for their group, will have done so in a different manner to another individual disturbing the streambed further upstream, or downstream. This affects the results because it means that some groups will have collected more data through unsettling the streambed more thoroughly than other groups. Hence, gives the connotation that more invertebrates and Chironomus were found in their sample, which is evident in the pools results where it shows that group 5 collected 80 Chironomus whereas group 11 only collected 3 Chironomus. This is not a major error source as its effect is likely to be equal in both of the pools and riffles.Anomalous ResultsBy analyzing my results, I have seen that there are several infatuated results which can be commented on. I will discuss and compare the anomalous results which have arisen in both the pools and rifflesPoolsIn my results, by looking at Surber Numbers 5 and 9, you can evidently distinguish that the recorded amount of Chironomus established in the pools is 80 and 70. This is a particularly high amount, even for the pools and it may possibly have been caused by invertebrate drift, as explained above, which would affect the results because it means that the Chironomus was over sampled.This is in contrast to surber tasters 7 and 8, where a recorded number of zero Chironomus can be recognized. The reason for this may be due to the detritus reading being 2 with surber taste-tester number 7. Chironomus feed and withdraw themselves underneath this detritus sediment which is possibly why there are no Chironomus found in surber sampler 7. This affects the results here, because it leaves us with a lower enter of Chironomus than we are meant to have.However, this does not explain the findings for surber sampler number 8. The detritus reading here is 4, which may lead us to believe that perhaps the low Chironomus reading is due to predation, being eaten by a fish of some kind preliminary to our sampling.Perhaps also the Chiro nomus was in its first instar stage, which would mean that they will not have been trapped by the mesh net. Alternatively, the Chironomus might have just developed into an adult midge, and would no longer be found in the water, but in the air. This would affect the results collected because it would leave us the impression that possibly, if we had sampled the stream on an earlier, or later date, then the Chironomus would be at a trappable larva stage.RifflesSurber samplers 7, 8 and 12 have high numbers of Chironomus readings despite of the fact that they are not usually found in this area. Possible reasons for this might be due to invertebrate drift from further upstream, or it could be due to the small particles of detritus being found in these riffles. The detritus could have been collected in sheltered areas such as behind large boulders. After being deposited there and this would have developed a micro habitat, with a mini pool being formed in a riffle, which would explain the h igh numbers of Chironomus being found.Another anomalous result which was portrayed in both the riffle and pools results was the dissolved oxygen saturation readings. By observing both of the mean dissolved oxygen percentage saturations, we can see that in the pools it is 63.6% and in the riffles it is 64.1%. This is entirely incorrect due to the fact that in pools, there is supposed to be barely any dissolved oxygen vestal in the water, and in the riffles, there is supposed to be in the vicinity of 100% dissolved oxygen saturated in the water. These erroneous results are down to the oxygen meter being broken. It affected our whole experiment because it meant we were not able to carry out the footrace dead-on(prenominal)ly and record correct results which would assist us in our evaluation.ReliabilityIn my opinion, the 2 central error sources in my experiment were caused by the Surber Sampler and invertebrate drift.namby-pamby drift occurs when large numbers of people are sampling the equivalent lake/stream at the same period in time. It is incurred when someone (upstream) walking through the stream disturbs the streambed, but does not collect the samples with their mesh net, or in other cases it is caused when invertebrates mat under/ through/ or to the side of the net. Hereafter, any invertebrates disturbed will flow along with the current and settle amid pools (mainly downstream) which affects results because it means that invertebrates and Chironomus have been over sampled.To prevent invertebrate drift, instead of all groups sampling the stream at the same time, we could allow the group furthest downstream (group 14) to do their experiment first, and then work our way upstream, only allowing groups to do their trial once the group further down has terminate their experiment. E.g., group 14 will do their experiment initially and once complete, group 13 will do their experiment. because once group 13 has absolute their experiment, group 12 may carry ou t their experiment and so forth.This method of carrying out the experiments will exclusively evacuate the matter of invertebrate drift which modify the accuracy of results achieved.Another way of neutralise invertebrate drift would be to mitigate apparatus used, which brings me onto the second central error source within the experiment.The Surber Samplers which we used cool only of a quadrat base and a mesh net connect to the end of the quadrat (see drawing). This basic surber sampler meant that when we positioned the quadrat onto the (riffles) streambed, it would not have been laid flat because of rocks being unlike contours and masses. This affects the results because it means that with the surber sampler lying at an awkward angle, when disturbing, invertebrates are highly likely to be swept underneath the mesh net, or the side, instead of into it.A way of recuperating this quandary is by utilizing a check surber sampler. One surber sampler which could be used consists of a bottomless box attached to the bottom of the quadrat.This will improve the experiment and results because not only will it avoid invertebrate drift through the way that nothing will be able to escape (because it will enclose everything within the desired sampling area right down to the streambed), but it will also improve accuracy, giving you a set volume of substrate.Another alternative to the surber samplers which we used is a piece of apparatus called the Eckman Grab. These grabs do not have nets attached to the end of them, but instead act as a set of claws.After your sample has been picked up by these grabs, you cleanly drop all of its contents into your tray where after, you can record the results. This will develop the results because one of the ticker setbacks with surber samplers is that the nets tend to lose samples (through or under), whereas with these grabs they do not have nets and so guardianship all the samples within its hold will assure the results are more accurate and improved.Final ConclusionAs my final conclusion, I will articulate that the trial my group carried out had a quantity of inaccuracies, but not enough for me to completely egest the whole experiment. The results are fair(a) as they reflect the way nature works, regardless of the main sources of error. Also, the statistics and chi square up number shows a highly significant difference in the number of Chironomus in the pools and riffles with more found in the pools. The experimental errors are not large enough to cause a 99.9% rejection of the bootless hypothesis.To determine the whole pattern of invertebrates and Chironomus along the stream, the experiments should have been carried out every month, instead of just one sidereal day. By doing the experiments on just one day we are left with results that are only able to give us a general idea and impression of the patterns of the distribution of invertebrates and Chironomus along the stream.I had to reject my null hyp othesis, as I was 99.9% confident that there was a difference.In my opinion, if I was to repeat this experiment even with the improvements I have suggested, then the results obtained would still be the same.